Turkmenistan:
Military & Transnational Issues


Military branches	Definition Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2007)
Military service age and obligation	Definition 18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2006)
Manpower available for military service	Definition males age 16-49: 1,316,698 females age 16-49: 1,331,005 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service	Definition - World rank and map males age 16-49: 1,064,965 females age 16-49: 1,136,553 (2008 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually	Definition males age 16-49: 57,615 females age 16-49: 55,426 (2008 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	Definition - World rank and map 3.4% (2005 est.)

Disputes - international	Definition cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed
Refugees and internally displaced persons	Definition refugees (country of origin): 11,173 (Tajikistan); less than 1,000 (Afghanistan) (2007)
Illicit drugs	Definition transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan