Turkmenistan:
Military & Transnational Issues


Military branches	Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2007)
Military service age and obligation	18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2006)
Manpower available for military service	males age 18-49: 1,132,833 females age 18-49: 1,162,569 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service	males age 18-49: 759,978 females age 18-49: 940,179 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military age annually	males age 18-49: 56,532 females age 18-49: 55,413 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	3.4% (2005 est.)

Disputes - international	cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed
Refugees and internally displaced persons	refugees (country of origin): 11,173 (Tajikistan) (2006)
Illicit drugs	transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan