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Indonesia:
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Other pages in this profile of Indonesia:
Geography, People, Government, Communications & Transportation, Military & Transnational Issues.
Geography, People, Government, Communications & Transportation, Military & Transnational Issues.
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Economy - overview |
Definition Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has been undergoing significant economic reforms under President YUDHOYONO. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio has been declining steadily, its foreign exchange reserves are at an all-time high of over $50 billion, and its stock market has been one of the three best performers in the world in 2006 and 2007, as global investors sought out higher returns in emerging markets. The government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the introduction of Treasury bills, and improved capital market supervision. Indonesia's new investment law, passed in March 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. Indonesia has been slow to privatize over 100 state-owned enterprises, several of which have monopolies in key sectors. The non-bank financial sector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak. Capital markets are underdeveloped. The high global price of oil in 2007 increased the cost of domestic fuel and electricity subsidies, and are contributing to concerns about higher food prices. Located on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" Indonesia remains vulnerable to volcanic and tectonic disasters. Significant progress has been made in rebuilding Aceh after the devastating December 2004 tsunami, and the province now shows more economic activity than before the disaster. Unfortunately, Indonesia suffered new disasters in 2006 and early 2007 including: a major earthquake near Yogyakarta, an industrial accident in Sidoarjo, East Java that created a "mud volcano," a tsunami in South Java, and major flooding in Jakarta, all of which caused additional damages in the billions of dollars. Donors are assisting Indonesia with its disaster mitigation and early warning efforts. |
GDP (purchasing power parity) |
Definition - World rank and map $837.8 billion (2007 est.) |
GDP (official exchange rate) |
Definition $432.9 billion (2007 est.) |
GDP - real growth rate |
Definition - World rank and map 6.3% (2007 est.) |
GDP - per capita |
Definition - World rank and map $3,700 (2007 est.) |
GDP - composition by sector |
Definition agriculture: 13.8% industry: 46.7% services: 39.4% (2007 est.) |
Labor force |
Definition 109.9 million (2007 est.) |
Labor force - by occupation |
Definition agriculture: 43.3% industry: 18% services: 38.7% (2004 est.) |
Unemployment rate |
Definition - World rank and map 9.6% (2007 est.) |
Population below poverty line |
Definition 17.8% (2006) |
Household income or consumption by percentage share |
Definition lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 28.5% (2002) |
Distribution of family income - Gini index |
Definition - World rank and map 36.3 (2005) |
Inflation rate (consumer prices) |
Definition - World rank and map 6.4% (2007 est.) |
Investment (gross fixed) |
Definition - World rank and map 24.9% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Budget |
Definition revenues: $79.25 billion expenditures: $84.85 billion (2007 est.) |
Public debt |
Definition - World rank and map 34.1% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Agriculture - products |
Definition rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs |
Industries |
Definition petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism |
Industrial production growth rate |
Definition - World rank and map 4.7% (2007 est.) |
Electricity - production |
Definition - World rank and map 125.9 billion kWh (2006 est.) |
Electricity - consumption |
Definition - World rank and map 108 billion kWh (2006 est.) |
Electricity - consumption per capita |
Definition - World rank and map 454.8 kWh (2006 est.) |
Electricity - exports |
Definition 0 kWh (2006 est.) |
Electricity - imports |
Definition 0 kWh (2006 est.) |
Oil - production |
Definition - World rank and map 1.07 million bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - consumption |
Definition - World rank and map 1.1 million bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - consumption per 1,000 people |
Definition - World rank and map 4.6 bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - exports |
Definition - World rank and map 470,000 bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - imports |
Definition - World rank and map 500,000 bbl/day (2006 est.) |
Oil - proved reserves |
Definition - World rank and map 4.43 billion bbl (2007 est.) |
Natural gas - production |
Definition - World rank and map 74 billion cu m (2006 est.) |
Natural gas - consumption |
Definition - World rank and map 37.5 billion cu m (2006 est.) |
Natural gas - consumption per capita |
Definition - World rank and map 158 cu m (2006 est.) |
Natural gas - exports |
Definition - World rank and map 29.6 billion cu m (2006 est.) |
Natural gas - imports |
Definition - World rank and map 0 cu m (2006) |
Natural gas - proved reserves |
Definition - World rank and map 2.63 trillion cu m (1 January 2007 est.) |
Current account balance |
Definition - World rank and map $11.01 billion (2007 est.) |
Exports |
Definition - World rank and map $118 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Exports - commodities |
Definition oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber |
Exports - partners |
Definition Japan 18.5%, US 10.7%, Singapore 10.3%, China 8.6%, South Korea 6.8%, Malaysia 4.4%, Taiwan 4.3% (2006) |
Imports |
Definition - World rank and map $84.93 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Imports - commodities |
Definition machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs |
Imports - partners |
Definition Singapore 28.2%, China 12.1%, Japan 8.7%, South Korea 5.5%, Malaysia 4.9%, Thailand 4.6%, US 4% (2006) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold |
Definition - World rank and map $56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.) |
Debt - external |
Definition - World rank and map $140.7 billion (31 December 2007) |
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home |
Definition $58.13 billion (2007 est.) |
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad |
Definition $9.225 billion (2006 est.) |
Market value of publicly traded shares |
Definition $138.9 billion (2006) |
Economic aid - recipient |
Definition ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.) note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO disbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum in January 2007 |
Currency (code) |
Definition Indonesian rupiah (IDR) |
Exchange rates |
Definition Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,056 (2007 est.), 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003) |
Fiscal year |
Definition calendar year |
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