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Indonesia:
Economy

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Indonesia Page


Economy - overview
 Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to overcome the Asian financial crisis, and still grapples with persistent poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, endemic corruption, a fragile banking sector, a poor investment climate, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The country continues the slow work of rebuilding from the devastating December 2004 tsunami and from an earthquake in central Java in May 2006 that caused over $3 billion in damage and losses. Declining oil production and lack of new exploration investment turned Indonesia into a net oil importer in 2004. The cost of subsidizing domestic fuel placed increasing strain on the budget in 2005, and combined with indecisive monetary policy, contributed to a run on the currency in August, prompting the government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in October. The resulting inflation and interest rate hikes dampened growth through mid-2006, while large increases in rice prices pushed millions more people under the national poverty line. Economic reformers introduced three policy packages in 2006 to improve the investment climate, infrastructure, and the financial sector, but translating them into reality has not been easy. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong global economic growth. Significant progress has been made in rebuilding Aceh after the devastating December 2004 tsunami, and the province now shows more economic activity than before the disaster. Unfortunately, Indonesia suffered new disasters in 2006 and early 2007 including: a major earthquake near Yogyakarta, an industrial accident in Sidoarjo, East Java that created a "mud volcano," a tsunami in South Java, and major flooding in Jakarta, all of which caused additional damages in the billions of dollars. Donors are assisting Indonesia with its disaster mitigation and early warning efforts.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
 $948.3 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
 $264.7 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate
 5.5% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita
 $3,900 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector
 agriculture: 12.9%
industry: 47%
services: 40.1% (2006 est.)
Labor force
 106.4 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation
 agriculture: 43.3%
industry: 18%
services: 38.7% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate
 12.5% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line
 17.8% (2006)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
 lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 28.5% (2002)
Distribution of family income - Gini index
 34.8 (2004)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
 13.1% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed)
 24% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget
 revenues: $74.18 billion
expenditures: $77.39 billion (2006 est.)
Public debt
 38.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products
 rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Industries
 petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism
Electricity - production
 120.3 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - consumption
 105.3 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - exports
 0 kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - imports
 0 kWh (2005 est.)
Oil - production
 1.136 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption
 1.168 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - exports
 474,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - imports
 424,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - proved reserves
 4.85 billion bbl (1 January 2006)
Natural Gas - production
 70.78 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural Gas - consumption
 35.97 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural Gas - exports
 34.8 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural Gas - imports
 0 cu m (2005)
Natural Gas - proved reserves
 2.656 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
Current account balance
 $9.686 billion (2006 est.)
Exports
 $102.7 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities
 oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
Exports - partners
 Japan 19.4%, Singapore 11.8%, US 11.5%, China 7.7%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 4.2% (2006)
Imports
 $73 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities
 machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Imports - partners
 Singapore 29.6%, China 11.2%, Japan 8.8%, South Korea 5.3%, Malaysia 4.8% (2006)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
 $42.42 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external
 $130.2 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient
 ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.)
note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHYONO ended the Consultative Group on Indonesia forum in January 2007 (2005)
Currency (code)
 Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Exchange rates
 Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002)
Fiscal year
 calendar year


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